‘Energy transition’ indicates the shift from using non-renewable energy sources, like oil, natural gas and coal, to renewable sources, such as wind and solar, with the help of technological advancements and energy conservation techniques. The concept is part of the European Commission’s broader strategy to make the EU’s economy more sustainable, or rather the European Green Deal.

Following this Europe-wide effort to tackle the existing global climate and environmental challenges, Interreg Baltic Sea Region priotises a resource-efficient growth by, among other things, investing in renewable energies and in the decarbonisation of energy systems.  In fact, reducing energy-related CO2 emissions in the region is the area where there is wider room for improvement; as shown by a recent study of the Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS) and the Nordic Council of Ministers. 

Interreg Baltic Sea Region has supported transnational initiatives that create durable policy instruments for a more coordinated energy planning in the region. The Programme brought together public and private actors to improve the production and distribution of renewable energy from natural resources. It has facilitated a transition towards energy efficient and low emission cities. In practice, 14 projects have tackled a variety of energy related topics, from regional planning strategies, efficient urban lighting through better energy efficient buildings, using biomass for energy production to supporting offshore electricity grids. They proved how collaborating across borders can bring meaningful results, like in the case of the projects LowTEMP, Baltic Integrid, and Area 21. 

“All these countries face a similar challenge, and they need to develop solutions. Of course, it's good to do this jointly,” explains Britta Schmigotzki, project manager of the lead partner team of LowTEMP. “However, it was not only about exchanging experiences; it was also important to support and motivate each other when implementing pilot solutions.”

LowTEMP worked on reducing energy waste from district heating systems in nine countries around the Baltic Sea. A district heating system is a centralised network that provides heat to residential and commercial areas; such systems are largely widespread in the Baltic Sea region. However, they are often technically outdated causing unnecessary energy waste. To solve the problem, LowTEMP implemented and promoted the installation of a more sustainable district heating supply which reduce heat loss. In fact, thanks to these systems, the heat is distributed at optimally insulated pipes with smaller diameters, allowing also the use of renewable energy sources.

The project partners compiled data on existing energy supply systems in the region in an online platform. They also developed comprehensive training material contributing to the capacity building in municipal and regional authorities to plan, finance, install and maintain low temperature district heating systems. Within the extension stage project, the partners keep working on the training package to adapt it to national conditions and languages. Now, authorities, heat suppliers, planners, engineers and energy agencies get an easy access to the training material. “We managed to raise awareness but also to spread valuable know-how to key actors, which are those deciding on how to further develop the local heat supply.”

Another good example of how cooperation can bring innovative solutions to accelerate the energy transition process is the Baltic Integrid project. The project is carrying a flagship stamp of the EU Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region in the Policy Area Energy, which focuses on ensuring competitive, secure and sustainable energy in the Baltic Sea region.

“Offshore wind has achieved remarkable cost reductions over the past years and it is a very important pillar in the low carbon energy system that we need to see in the future,” said Anika Nicolaas Ponder, the communication manager of the lead partner team of Baltic Integrid. 

Offshore wind energy has great potential in the region due to the special characteristics of the Baltic Sea (i.e. lower wave height, less pronounced tides and shorter distance to the shore). However, in 2014 only 1.1 GW were installed out of the potential 12.2 GW by 2030. As a response, Baltic Integrid offered a cooperation platform to system operators and policymakers specialised in energy and climate. It helped them to meet, exchange ideas and plan strategies on offshore wind energy development in the area.

“When it comes to energy, it's still very much nationally determined. So, it's important that everybody has a seat at the table and gets to explain what their national context is like. Working as a transnational team allows to consider different national perspectives and increases thus the likelihood of success of a project.” Together, they created a visionary roadmap on the necessary steps to plan, implement and operate a meshed offshore wind grid in the Baltic Sea region by 2050. In such a grid, offshore wind farms are connected to more than one national transmission system. This concept was tested and verified in two pre-feasibility studies, covering a potential meshed grid between Poland-Sweden-Lithuania and Germany-Sweden-Denmark.

Project partners also established the Baltic Offshore Grid Forum for authorities and experts to continue the discussion on the offshore wind energy and grid development in the region even after the end of the project. 

Moreover, when talking about possible future developments, Anika added “We are also looking forward to perhaps integrating the idea of offshore wind electricity to hydrogen, which is a very new and cool upcoming technology. It's been in the pipelines for a while and now the European Union has a strategy for the development of green hydrogen. What you need to create green hydrogen is lots of green electricity. So, that's perfect for offshore winds. We hope that we can somehow integrate that in a follow-up project.”